By Judy Mann-Lang

Our oceans are in trouble. Catches from many of the world’s fisheries are declining, with some fishing practices destroying enormous areas of the seabed. Habitat loss through coastal development threatens many coastal ecosystems including estuaries and mangroves, which are vital nurseries for many fish species.

Pollution is another threat, killing animals and damaging habitats. Climate change is also affecting the ocean. Excess carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean is making them more acidic, harming marine animals and plants. The ocean is getting warmer, coral reefs are dying and sea levels are rising.

The ocean is also enjoying the most attention it has ever received. The United Nations declared this the decade of the ocean, a time to produce all the research and policy needed to inform actions and generate funding for global projects to protect and restore the oceans. Sir David Attenborough produced a new documentary called Ocean, and World Ocean Day is celebrated every year.

But how does this translate into action? There is a clear disconnect between what leaders say in public forums such as United Nations conferences and what happens on the water in practice. While awareness has been raised, not enough has been done to create ways for people to take action.

I’ve researched the ocean for 30 years, investigating how to change people’s behaviour towards nature and how they learn about the ocean.

I have identified key research-based interventions that would help mobilise interest and action around saving the world’s seas.

Humans are the cause of the oceans’ problems – but humans are also the only solution. These key areas would help close the gap between understanding the problem and taking action to solve it:

arming people with knowledge about the ocean

community engagement with people most affected by the degradation of the ocean: people living along the coast and in small island countries and Indigenous ocean communities who rely on the oceans for their livelihoods and culture

inspiring people to care for the ocean. Many people are unaware of the role of the ocean in their daily lives. From the air we breathe to the food we eat and the relatively stable climate we have enjoyed, human survival depends on a healthy ocean. Helping people to experience the ocean – in person along the coast, under the waves, in an aquarium or by watching documentary films – can ignite a spark of wonder and care for the ocean.

For most of history, the ocean was regarded as a common resource from which everyone could benefit. Now it needs to be looked at as a common responsibility. We all need to care for it for our very survival.

What needs to be done

Knowledge: Opportunities for everyone to learn about the ocean across formal and informal channels.

Formal education in schools and informal communication efforts must include direct linkages between inland and the ocean. South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa to have a marine science curriculum for senior school learners to study the ocean. But this is not offered in most schools.

Building an ocean literacy network made up of communication experts, educators, the media, aquariums and museums, scientists, science communicators, Indigenous leaders, communities, conservation agencies, non-profit organisations, artists and others would help generate interest and build groups of people who can come up with the best ways to talk about saving the oceans.

Expertise: Enhancing ocean protection requires expertise from multiple disciplines. These include the natural sciences, marine social sciences, behavioural science, education, science communication, social-based marketing and Indigenous knowledge systems.

Working together across different disciplines to develop effective strategies, researchers and communicators can work to ensure that the multiple values and services of the ocean for human well-being are widely understood.

Sharing research with people through effective science communication is a vital step that is often missed. Encouragingly, more and more young scientists are eager to share their work widely.

Deep community engagement: Recognising traditional and Indigenous knowledge, respecting local leadership and hearing community voices are all critical. For example, in the Western Indian Ocean, community led projects support thousands of communities and protect large areas of the coast. They work closely with fishers, empowering them to manage their own ocean resources.

Individual choices matter: It is easy to blame politicians and huge corporations for many of the crises we face, and they both have a massive role to play. However, individuals also have the power to support campaigns that lobby for more marine protected areas. Reducing consumption of unsustainable seafood, single use plastics, electricity and fuel also protects the oceans.

Innovative social research can reveal answers to questions about what people value and need, and find ways to increase motivation, capability, and opportunity for people to behave in ways that ensure a healthy ocean.

Government action: The governments of island nations are at the forefront of the ocean crisis. They are experiencing problems caused by rising sea levels and a warming ocean and are taking action to protect oceans.

Collaboration between government authorities responsible for ocean protection in the rest of the world and non-profit organisations, scientists and community members needs to be strengthened. This will ensure better cooperation and coordinated decision-making and management.

For example, community supported marine protected areas benefit local people and marine life. These benefits range from improved catches from the spillover of fish into adjacent exploited areas to employment opportunities.

Judy Mann-Lang is a Conservation Strategist at the Oceanographic Research Institute (South African Association for Marine Biological Research).

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

Basic Education Minister Siviwe Gwarube has reiterated her department’s commitment to early child development (ECD), literacy improvement, infrastructure development and inclusive learning to help address the country’s education crisis.

Gwarube tabled a R35 billion budget under the theme “Builders vs Breakers: Shaping South Africa’s Future Through Education”. It was met with strong support and fierce opposition across party lines.

“This budget is for the builders — those who understand that lasting change is not forged in the headlines, but in classrooms and communities where our children learn, dream and grow. Therefore, I say this to the breakers: our children deserve better. If you cannot build, at least do not stand in the way of those who do,” Gwarube said.

The minister outlined five key priorities: expanding access to quality ECD, strengthening foundational literacy, promoting inclusive education, advancing teacher development, and improving school infrastructure and safety.

“Support this budget not out of party loyalty, but in the service of the children whose futures depend on it,” she urged MPs.

Gwarube warned that 8 out of 10 children still could not read for meaning by Grade 4, declaring foundational learning the centrepiece of the department’s strategy.

The ECD Conditional Grant rises to R1.7 billion, with R230 million allocated to nutrition and R162 million to infrastructure.

Over 10,000 centres are set for registration this year, with plans to develop a new national catalogue of learning materials by 2027.

The Funza Lushaka Bursary Scheme will fund over 9000 student teachers, and R1.8 billion will be spent on training, mentoring and leadership development.

African National Congress MP Joy Maimela welcomed the budget, citing the Freedom Charter’s call to open “the doors of learning and culture”.

She praised the transfer of ECD to the department and affirmed support for the Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Act, particularly its focus on multilingualism and inclusive admissions.

“This budget secures our children’s future,” she said.

Democratic Alliance MP Delmaine Christians described the budget as a shift “from slogans to service”.

Christians credited the minister with eradicating 97% of pit latrines and reviving the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) after a botched R9.8 billion tender.

She welcomed oversight mechanisms and financial recovery plans.

“We must protect this budget from the ghosts of corruption.”

The Patriotic Alliance’s Jasmine Petersen urged for the retention of 2400 Western Cape contract teachers.

“These aren’t just numbers, they are mentors and anchors in communities,” she said, calling for infrastructure grants that were not spent to be redirected to staff retention.

Economic Freedom Fighters MP Mandla Shikwambana rejected the budget as “austerity dressed in progress”.

He lambasted the department’s celebration of matric results while half a million learners drop out annually.

“This budget entrenches inequality,” he said, citing schools in Limpopo that still lacked flushing toilets after 50 years.

uMkhonto weSizwe Party’s Pinky Mngadi called the budget a “betrayal”, revealing that over 440 Limpopo schools remained closed and R620 million in infrastructure funds went unspent.

She dismissed the talk of digital transformation as “elitist”, warning that learners were still sitting under trees.

ActionSA’s Lerato Ngobeni issued a conditional endorsement, citing her nephew’s struggles in an Alexandra school as evidence of a broken system.

“Per-learner spending has dropped. Classrooms leak. Pit latrines persist. This is not a blank cheque,” she said.

Inkatha Freedom Party MP Siphosethu Ngcobo praised the expanded ECD targets, but warned that urban-rural divides remained stark.

He raised concerns over governance failures in KwaZulu-Natal and urged improved support for teachers.

Build One South Africa leader Mmusi Maimane called for the scrapping of the 30% pass threshold, particularly in STEM subjects.

“We are preparing youth for unemployability,” he warned.

Maimane welcomed ECD investment, but said funding still lagged behind policy ambitions.

The African Transformation Movement’s Vuyolwethu Zungula condemned the budget for ignoring African spiritual practices and history.

He called for curriculum transformation, municipal cooperatives to supply uniforms and improved scholar transport.

African Christian Democratic Party MP Wayne Thring criticised shrinking per-learner budgets and overcrowded classrooms.

He opposed BELA for criminalising poor parents over absenteeism, and emphasised parental rights, entrepreneurship and faith-based schooling.

Rise Mzansi’s Makashule Gana focused on school safety, raising alarm about sexual violence and gambling among learners.

He praised a new agreement between the police and the Basic Education Department, but warned “plans without action mean nothing”.

Gana also urged the department to take the implementation of BELA seriously.

In her reply, Gwarube defended the Act’s protections for religious freedom and urged schools to update discriminatory conduct codes.

She promised transparency, welcomed oversight, and pledged to answer “difficult questions” in Parliament.

“We must rise above political noise; 13.5 million children depend on the choices we make in this House,” she concluded.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

Funds have been allocated to all schools across Gauteng for the payment of their municipal utility bills, following months of crisis that left hundreds of schools in darkness and without water.

Gauteng education MEC Matome Chiloane said the money was transferred at the end of last month to schools identified as owing municipalities for services such as electricity and water.

“No public school in Gauteng is currently, or will ever be, disconnected from water and electricity services now and in the near future. Schools must work hand in hand with the department to continue achieving this by ensuring their municipal accounts are up to date at all times,” Chiloane said.

Schools and their School Governing Bodies (SGBs) are now responsible for ensuring that these accounts are settled promptly to avoid further disruptions.

The announcement comes amid growing pressure on the department following revelations that over 500 schools had experienced disconnections in 2025 due to unpaid municipal bills totalling more than R58 million.

The crisis came to light when schools in Tshwane, including areas like Hammanskraal, Winterveldt, Ga-Rankuwa, Laudium, Temba and Mabopane were left without power and water.

Many are no-fee schools serving disadvantaged communities, raising questions about the provincial government’s policy to shift financial responsibility to schools already struggling with resource constraints.

According to official responses tabled in the provincial legislature, a staggering 536 schools experienced utility disconnections this year alone.

A total of 293 schools were without services for 30 days or more; 250 schools had disconnections lasting between seven and 18 days, and 16 schools had all municipal services cut simultaneously.

The lack of power and water severely disrupted teaching and learning.

Democratic Alliance education spokesperson Sergio dos Santos said that in some cases, schools were forced to close or send learners home due to unsafe and unhygienic conditions.

“This made it impossible to provide lighting in classrooms, power educational technology and maintain hygiene and safety standards. The utility crisis has serious implications for learners’ dignity, health, and access to quality education,” Dos Santos said.

The department reiterated that under Section 21 of the South African Schools Act, schools with financial management capacity received their operational funding directly and were responsible for settling their own bills.

Over the past five years, 2034 schools in Gauteng have been granted such autonomy.

The department noted that it provided oversight and financial training to schools and SGBs and had previously settled some of the debts directly, including in April, when several schools in Ekurhuleni had their electricity restored following departmental intervention.

Despite this, the DA and school communities have raised concerns over whether many schools, especially no-fee institutions, are adequately equipped to handle these responsibilities, especially without regular support from the department.

The DA has been vocal in its criticism, accusing the department of evading responsibility and jeopardising learners’ constitutional right to basic education.

The party is demanding that the department reverse its decision to shift utility payment responsibilities to no-fee schools and establish an intergovernmental task team to monitor billing and prevent future disconnections.

“The department’s evasive approach and failure to answer key questions in the legislature is unacceptable. The situation demands urgent intervention and transparency,” Dos Santos said.

Among the hardest-hit schools are Fleurhof Primary, which reportedly owes R3.8 million, Fusion Secondary in Lotus Gardens, which owes R1.9 million, and Soshanguve South Primary, with a bill of R1.6 million.

These are all Section 21 schools, meaning they manage their own budgets and are legally required to settle their municipal accounts.

While the department has stated that all schools have received the necessary funds, concerns remain over whether these schools can recover quickly enough to restore a stable learning environment.

The department anticipates that all schools will be up to date with payments by the end of the month, but evidence of full compliance is yet to be made public.

It confirmed ongoing engagements with municipalities to prevent future disconnections and ensure smoother cooperation moving forward.

“We call on parents, communities and stakeholders to support schools and their SGBs in executing their duties not just responsibly, but to the benefit of all learners, educators and staff,” Chiloane said.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Thapelo Molefe

Mathematics is not just a school subject. It is an engine that drives innovation, problem solving and national development, according to Higher Education and Training Minister Nobuhle Nkabane.

Speaking at the Mathematics Education Conference this week at the University of the Western Cape, the minister described maths as the invisible engine powering visible progress.

The five-day conference, known as the Mega Maths Festival, is the first of its kind international gathering co-hosted by the Department of Higher Education and Training, UWC and the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) South Africa. 

Over 500 participants, from global experts and researchers to teachers, students and industry leaders, have come together to tackle the deep challenges facing mathematics education in the country.

Nkabane praised the collaborative spirit of the festival, especially its focus on improving teacher training and foundational learning for rural and township schools. 

“I am encouraged that rural and urban teachers, lecturers, learners, students, supported by universities, academia, researchers, NGOs and industry, have been placed in the centre of this festival’s programme,” she said.

The minister highlighted worrying trends in maths education, including South Africa’s persistent underperformance in international assessments and the growing preference for mathematical literacy over pure mathematics in schools.

“Indeed, we must reverse the upsurge in mathematical literacy, which we know does not assist in tertiary education enrolments in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM),” Nkabane said. 

“We need to increase uptake and participation in pure mathematics from schooling to post-school education and training and through to the world of work.”

She called for a shift in the way maths was viewed and taught, saying it should be seen as a universal language and an essential tool for growth.

“I am pleased that you are advocating for mathematics to be our 13th language in South Africa,” she said.

“Allowing for inclusion rather than exclusion, because mathematics is after all a universal language understood in every country.”

She said mathematics opened doors to critical fields such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, financial modelling and energy.

“Mathematics is a gateway to many professions. It is important that our learners are advised about all the diverse options mathematics introduces,” Nkabane noted.

The conference featured keynote lectures, panel discussions, poster presentations and cultural events aimed at reshaping the way mathematics was taught and applied.

Delegates explored a range of topics, including AI, data analytics, teacher education and the role of mathematics in employment and the economy.

“I am inspired that this inaugural Mega Maths Festival has come to embrace the intersection between research in mathematics education and mathematical sciences and teaching in mathematics and mathematical sciences as a means of addressing our national priorities, including economic development and growth, and problem-solving for solutions to contemporary problems of water, sanitation, energy and climate change,” Nkabane said.

Following the opening ceremony, the minister led a walkabout of UWC’s newly upgraded facility dedicated to mathematics and early childhood education.

The centre is designed to strengthen foundational maths learning, with a focus on improving outcomes for young learners in disadvantaged communities.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

The Basic Education Department has rejected accusations of stalling the implementation of the Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Act regulations, labelling them “empty political rhetoric” driven by partisan interests.

Speaking to Inside Education, Basic Education media liaison Lukhanyo Vangqa said that the department had already established 10 dedicated task teams to draft each of the BELA regulations. Two were completed and currently being vetted by the Office of the Chief State Law Advisor, with public release expected imminently.

“This modularised release approach is designed to prevent delays, not cause them. There’s been exceptional speed in drafting these regulations. Learners remain our top priority, regardless of desperate attempts to politicise this process,” Vangqa said.

The department’s response follows criticism from the African National Congress study group on basic education, which accused the Minister Siviwe Gwarube of deliberately sabotaging the BELA Act’s full implementation and colluding with right-wing organisations such as AfriForum and Solidarity.

ANC MPs alleged that Gwarube’s approach undermined transformation goals and entrenched exclusionary practices, particularly in the drafting of contentious regulations around admissions and language policy.

The ANC warned against what it called a “DA-led agenda” within the department, citing the replacement of “after consultation” with “in collaboration with” in key regulations as an attempt to dilute provincial powers and entrench the influence of historically privileged school governing bodies.

They claimed such changes would undermine the authority of Heads of Departments and benefit SGBs accused of racially biased practices.

Further fuelling tensions is the Western Cape education department’s practice of requiring learner photographs in school applications, which the ANC described as discriminatory and favouring white learners.

“These practices perpetuate apartheid-era exclusion and violate constitutional values of equality,” said ANC Study Group Whip Tshepo Louw.

Meanwhile, the Portfolio Committee on Basic Education, chaired by ANC MP Joy Maimela, has also expressed concern over delays and confusion surrounding the BELA regulations.

During a briefing on Tuesday, committee members accused the department of wasting time on “non-binding guidelines” rather than prioritising legally enforceable regulations.

“The committee expected these regulations by the end of June. Instead, we were presented with guidelines that some provinces believe contradict the South African Schools Act. If provincial departments are confused, what of school communities and the public?” Maimela asked.

According to Maimela, the committee engaged with eight provincial departments, most of which rejected the draft guidelines.

The Council of Education Ministers also referred the matter back to the Heads of Education Departments Committee, urging a focus on drafting the actual regulations.

Concerns also emerged over the vagueness of the department’s internal processes.

The committee asked Gwarube to submit a comprehensive report within four working days detailing how the guidelines came about and why they were prioritised over binding regulations.

In particular, the Western Cape education department came under fire for failing to provide a detailed readiness report for BELA Act implementation.

The committee refused to engage with the department’s “incomplete” presentation and demanded a revised submission with specific attention to admissions and learner support.

Despite these concerns, the department reaffirmed the minister’s commitment to inclusivity and progress.

“Minister Gwarube remains committed to acting in the best interests of the education sector,” Vangqa said.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

Science, technology, and innovation (STI) play an important role in addressing national and global challenges, according Minister Blade Nzimande.

Delivering the Science, Technology and Innovation Department’s 2025/26 budget in Parliament on Wednesday, Nzimande stressed placing STI at the core of government, education, industry and society.

“We deliver this budget vote against the background of a complex set of national and global challenges. This budget illustrates our commitment to take science, technology and innovation to the villages, townships and all the corners of our country. I trust we can rely on the support of all Honorable Members in fulfilling this noble task,” Nzimande said.

The minister tabled a R9.06 billion budget framed by global disruptions, domestic socio-economic challenges and the need for inclusive growth.

He highlighted key programmes such as the Hydrogen Society Roadmap, Vaccine Innovation Manufacturing Strategy and the Square Kilometre Array project.

Innovations in mining, agriculture, health, artificial intelligence and renewable energy were among the department’s achievements, alongside the growth in women-led scientific publications.

The minister acknowledged underfunding, pledging a multi-pronged strategy to boost investment through Treasury engagements, public-private partnerships, international collaborations and state-owned entities.

Nzimande urged collective action to strengthen STI and reaffirmed South Africa’s global commitments, including support for Palestinian researchers.

Deputy Minister Nomalungelo Gina showcased initiatives like the Municipal Innovation Fund, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Grassroots Innovation Programme.

She stressed youth development, STEM education, disability inclusion and gender transformation, noting that 55% of postgraduate research grants now went to women.

The African National Congress’ Tsakani Shiviti strongly backed the budget, warning against further cuts and calling for enhanced investment in the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and domestic satellite capabilities.

She emphasised STI’s role in job creation and disaster management.

In contrast, uMkhonto weSizwe Party’s Thembinkosi Mjadu rejected the budget, condemning corporate capture, declining postgraduate funding and inadequate rural innovation.

He proposed restoring R2.4 billion for bursaries and full funding for SANSA.

Democratic Alliance MP Tumelo Ramongalo advocated an outcomes-driven STI system, urging support for entrepreneurs.

He warned against the elitist perception of science and demanded inclusive reforms.

The Economic Freedom Fighters’ Suzan Thembekwayo criticised cuts to research funding and the declining support for Black women scientists.

She celebrated local talent and called for strategic investment in transformation, monitoring and infrastructure.

The Inkatha Freedom Party’s Sanele Zondo supported the budget, stressing urgency in STI investment.

He urged stronger public-private partnerships and more innovation hubs linked to TVET colleges and rural areas.

Patriotic Alliance MP Jasmine Petersen also supported the budget, calling it a vital investment in youth and the future.

She called for AI integration in schools and research infrastructure to make South Africa a continental innovation leader.

ActionSA’s Malebo Kobe rejected the budget as “regressive,” condemning underfunding and slow transformation.

She raised concerns about dysfunction at the Technology Innovation Agency and SANSA, and the lack of capitalisation of the Innovation Fund.

In his reply, Nzimande reaffirmed the department’s commitment to transformation and innovation.

He acknowledged criticism over underfunding, calling on MPs to collaborate in securing more resources.

Highlighting the department’s achievements during the Covid-19 pandemic, in AI and health, and its growing role in supporting women scientists, Nzimande said: “We’ve been punching above our weight.”

As South Africa confronts the future, the minister said the STI sector’s ability to drive development would depend on sustained investment, inclusive policies and a shared national vision.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Akani Nkuna

The Portfolio Committee on Basic Education has appealed for swift implementation of Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Act.

Committee chairperson Joy Maimela has accused the Basic Education Department of deploying delaying tactics in drafting regulations, which must be the guiding framework for administrators.

“The majority of members of the committee are of the view that deliberate attempts are being made to hold the full implementation of the BELA Act by delaying the drafting of regulations, especially those that speak to the two contentious sections,” she said.

The national and provincial departments briefed the portfolio committee on Tuesday on progress made in implementing the Act and current developments on the regulations, regarding especially the contested Sections 4 and 5, which affect admission policy and language policy. 

The Act was signed into law by President Cyril Ramaphosa in September 2024 primarily to address the administrative and management challenges in the education system, with an aim to enhance inclusivity, equity and access to quality education.

Despite missing the end of June deadline for the regulations, Basic Education Minister Siviwe Gwarube told the committee that the draft regulations were at an advanced stage and would be finalised in due course.

Gwarube denied claims that she succumbed to external influence in relation to the draft regulation, saying that she acted within her scope of framework in providing draft guidelines for provincial education departments.

On the 17 June during a portfolio committee meeting, Gwarube asserted that the drafting of the regulations was not a straightforward process, but assured the members that the regulations would be published for public comment at the end of that month.

“I really do battle to understand the assertion and even the accusation that somehow there is a delay in the implementation of the Act and production of the regulation. We made a commitment last year that by the end of June, the regulations would be out and published for the public,” she said.

The minister confirmed that the 10 draft regulations were at an advanced stage.

She told the committee that 10 task teams had been set up to work on each regulation. Two were near completion and being reviewed by the Office of the Chief State Law Advisor.

Maimela said the committee was deeply worried about claims that the guidelines may conflict with the South African Schools Act (SASA).

Also, some provincial education departments raised concerns about the updated admission section, saying it went against SASA and interfered with the province’s authority to manage school admissions.

“We have not been furnished with any guidelines or regulations. During our engagements with the provincial departments of education, it became apparent that the guidelines differ from the SASA. Some provincial departments of education are also confused by whether they received guidelines or regulations,” said Maimela.

“This is confusion we were concerned about from the start. If the provincial departments of education are confused, what about the general public and other stakeholders? We cannot allow this confusion.”

Whilst several provincial education departments told the committee that the Council of Education Ministers (CEM) did not approve the guidelines, the committee has requested Gwarube to provide a report on the process which led to the drafting of the guidelines.

It wants more attention to be paid on drafting regulations than on guidelines.

“The committee is of the view that the time spent for draft guidelines could have been utilised rather for drafting regulations. We need the detail of what led to the guidelines as we must discuss if we need to write to the office of the president and explain the confusion created in the sector,” Maimela added.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

With over 13.5 million learners reliant on the public system, Basic Education Minister Siviwe Gwarube has called for unity and discipline, particularly at the provincial level, to overcome obstacles threatening the sector’s sustainability.

Gwarube presented her department’s 2025/26 budget to the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) on Tuesday, under the theme “Rooted in Purpose, Weathering the Storm, Growing Towards the Light”.

“Through better project management and grant monitoring, we aim to ensure that every allocation strengthens teaching and learning outcomes. This is a budget grounded in our constitutional duty and in the belief that education is the most powerful lever for transformation,” the minister said.

Addressing the nation’s urgent education challenges, Gwarube painted a picture of resilience akin to the baobab tree, highlighting progress in foundational literacy, infrastructure, inclusion and systemic reform despite severe fiscal constraints.

She outlined five national priorities.

They included expanding early childhood development (ECD), strengthening foundational literacy and numeracy, advancing inclusive education, improving teacher training, and enhancing school safety and quality environments.

Gwarube said there had been some significant strides such as the eradication of 97% of pit toilets since 2018, R230 million invested in ECD nutrition pilots, 10,000 ECD centres targeted for registration and R15.3 billion allocated to education infrastructure.

The Basic Education Laws Amendment (BELA) Act’s implementation, which focused on compulsory Grade R and new school admissions regulations, marked a systemic shift and was complemented by the launch of the National Education and Training Council.

However, she lamented funding pressures exacerbated by bailouts of state-owned enterprises, which had led to vacant teaching posts, late school payments and programme disruptions.

Despite an 8% budget increase to over R35 billion, no additional funds were secured for Grade R, which provinces must now absorb.

Parliament’s Education, Sciences and Creative Industries Standing Committee chairperson Makhi Feni welcomed the budget as a socio-economic catalyst, citing the R332.3 billion allocation as evidence of the government’s commitment to education amid economic challenges.

Praising literacy gains since 1994, Feni defended the BELA Act against accusations of racial divisiveness.

“The Constitution recognises all 12 official languages. No child’s language is under threat,” he said.

Feni stressed the need for oversight to ensure funds reached poor communities and called for urgent action to fill teaching vacancies nationwide.

Eastern Cape education MEC Fundile Gade highlighted education as a lever for poverty reduction and youth empowerment.

He lauded the BELA Act’s provisions for compulsory Grade R, multilingualism and digital governance reforms.

Gade praised the Basic Education Employment Initiative that has empowered 28,000 youths, including persons with disabilities.

Mpumalanga education MEC Cathy Dlamini championed education as the “sharpest spear” against inequality, detailing provincial infrastructure projects including new schools, sanitation upgrades and specialised institutions such as technical and agricultural schools.

She stressed the non-negotiable implementation of BELA reforms, framing education as central to the struggle for transformation.

KwaZulu-Natal MEC Sipho Hlomuka also expressed support for the budget, linking it to the province’s Academic Improvement Plan aimed at boosting matric results and foundational skills.

He emphasised curriculum modernisation such as coding, robotics, and technical subjects, alongside investments in new specialised schools.

Hlomuka highlighted efforts to fully implement BELA, especially regarding Grade R and isiZulu early-grade teaching, while pledging intensified teacher training to improve literacy outcomes.

Deputy Minister Reginah Mhaule framed the budget as a moral investment in democratic values of equity and inclusion.

She celebrated the expanded reach of the National School Nutrition Programme and Learner Transport Policy, progress in eradicating inappropriate schools, and extensive workbook distribution in all official languages.

Mhaule reaffirmed ongoing efforts to register ECD centres and improve rural and multi-grade school support, pledging safe and functional learning environments for all learners.

Gauteng education MEC Matome Chiloane acknowledged persistent challenges like teacher shortages and resource constraints, while commending the budget’s historic investment in ECD and literacy initiatives.

“Education is South Africa’s greatest investment in its future, demanding vigilance and adequate resourcing,” he said.

As the NCOP concluded its debate, the budget was hailed by some as a decisive step toward equity and transformation, while others rejected it as insufficient to confront South Africa’s profound educational inequalities and systemic challenges.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Mlungisi Ndlovu

As a committed advocate for fair labour practices, sound governance and constitutional values in public administration, I feel compelled to offer my independent opinion on the recent appointment of the Chief Financial Officer by the KwaZulu-Natal department of education under the leadership MEC Sipho Hlomuka.

This opinion is offered in my personal capacity and is grounded in legal precedent, constitutional rights and principles of good governance. I aim to address concerns raised over the CFO’s prior resignation under precautionary suspension and affirm the legitimacy and integrity of the appointment.

Background Context

It is a matter of public record that the CFO (Yali Joyi) previously served in another department or public institution and resigned while under precautionary suspension. No disciplinary hearing was concluded. No finding of guilt was recorded. Despite this, questions have arisen about whether the individual should have been considered for appointment.

Legal Perspective

Our legal system is based on the foundational principle that every individual is innocent until proven guilty. This principle does not only apply in criminal law, but extends to employment law and administrative justice.

No person should be disqualified, defamed, or denied opportunity based on unresolved allegations or suspicions. As held in Mahlangu v PRASA [2016] ZALCJHB 548: “Precautionary suspension is not a finding of guilt, and resignation ends the employment contract.”

Mtati v KPMG [2017] ZALCJHB 273: “Disciplinary processes cannot continue post-resignation unless there are criminal charges.”

The implication is clear: without a concluded disciplinary process and finding of misconduct, the individual remains legally and ethically employable.

The Constitution, particularly Section 195(1), mandates that public service appointments must be based on ability, objectivity and fairness. This was echoed in the Barnard v SAPS [2014] ZACC 23 case, which emphasised that fairness, not prejudice, must guide hiring decisions.

Nowhere in our labour laws or Public Service Act does a resignation under investigation amount to permanent disqualification from future employment. The lack of any disciplinary record or criminal conviction means there is no legal obstacle to the CFO’s appointment.

Ethical and Governance Considerations

From a governance perspective, we must ask:

Was the recruitment process fair, open, and transparent?

Were the appointee’s qualifications and experience evaluated objectively?

Was there any legal finding barring this individual from public service?

If the answer to these questions supports the integrity of the process — as I understand it does — then attempts to reverse or undermine the appointment are not based on law, but on speculation, prejudice, or political interference.

Final Opinion and Personal Reflection

In my personal capacity, I am satisfied that the appointment of the CFO was lawful, constitutional, and merit based.

There is no proven misconduct nor any legal or ethical ground to reverse it and the decision respects the rule of law, the right to fair labour practices (Section 23 of the Constitution), and the presumption of innocence.

Withdrawing this appointment without due process would set a dangerous precedent — one that undermines fairness and fuels a culture of fear and injustice.

As a society and as a public sector, we must be guided not by suspicion, but by truth, law and fairness.

I strongly support retaining the CFO in the position. I encourage stakeholders to respect the process, uphold the rule of law and allow the individual to perform their duties in service of learners, educators and the people of KwaZulu-Natal.

Mlungisi Ndlovu is the KwaZulu-Natal manager of the Public Servants Association. He writes in his personal capacity.

INSIDE EDUCATION

By Johnathan Paoli

The Democratic Alliance in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) has escalated its objections to the appointment of Yali Joli as CFO of the provincial education department, formally petitioning Premier Thami Ntuli to intervene and reverse the decision.

DA KZN education spokesperson Sakhile Mngadi said the decision followed education MEC Sipho Hlomuka’s failure to reverse the appointment within five days.

“It is untenable that an individual with unresolved allegations of financial misconduct should now be in charge of billions of rands meant for learners, infrastructure and critical school services. This sets a reckless and dangerous precedent,” Mngadi said.

The move comes amid mounting criticism from political and civil society stakeholders who question the integrity of the appointment, given Joli’s unresolved history of alleged corruption.

In a formal letter submitted on Monday, Mngadi urged the premier to institute an independent review of the appointment, disclose all related documentation and consider reversing the decision within 14 days.

The DA has warned that failure to act could result in legal action and formal complaints to the Public Service Commission and the Public Protector.

Joli, formerly CFO at the cooperative governance and traditional affairs department, resigned in January 2025 while under investigation for procurement-related corruption allegedly committed in the lead-up to the 2024 general elections.

Her resignation, submitted before the conclusion of an internal disciplinary process, rendered the investigation inconclusive and left serious questions about her accountability unanswered.

Despite this unresolved matter, the education department offered her the CFO position in the beginning of May.

In his letter to Ntuli, Mngadi described Joli’s appointment as “a breach of several key legal and constitutional principles”, citing Section 195 of the Constitution, the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) and the Public Service Act.

The DA further stated that the appointment threatened the party’s ability to support future education budgets under the Government of Provincial Unity (GPU).

“This is not merely a staffing issue, but speaks to the constitutional integrity of the provincial government and its commitment to clean governance,” Mngadi said.

The DA is also preparing a motion to summon Hlomuka and senior officials before the provincial legislature’s education portfolio committee.

“Instead of being held to account, Ms Joli has been rewarded with another top government job in a department already facing serious budgetary constraints and service delivery failures,” Mngadi argued, calling the appointment “cadre deployment” and “a betrayal of public trust.”

Inside Education reached out to teacher unions for updates regarding their plans.

The South African Democratic Teachers’ Union (Sadtu) has rejected Joli’s appointment, calling it “reckless, negligent and potentially catastrophic”.

Sadtu KZN provincial secretary Nomarashiya Caluza confirmed her union’s decision to approach higher authorities for intervention.

“The union’s provincial executive committee took a decision to write to the Public Service Commission asking for the commission’s intervention,” Caluza said.

The National Professional Teachers’ Organisation of South Africa (Naptosa) also expressed dismay.

General-Secretary Basil Manuel noted that while Naptosa had not yet taken formal steps, the union remained deeply concerned.

Hlomuka, for his part, has defended the appointment, saying all due processes were followed and that no official report from the CoGTA investigation had been submitted.

“The person you are talking about is one of the best financial managers. She has performed very well in previous roles,” he said, adding that the provincial cabinet had endorsed the appointment.

The department already faces governance challenges including unpaid service providers, infrastructure backlogs and multiple audit findings.

Ntuli is now under increasing pressure to respond decisively.

In terms of Section 125 of the Constitution, the premier is obligated to ensure sound governance and ethical leadership within the provincial administration.

At the time of publishing, Ntuli’s office had not yet responded to the letter.

INSIDE EDUCATION